Pierre bruneau justin trudeau biography

In other domestic policy, Trudeau pioneered official bilingualism and multiculturalismfostering a pan-Canadian identity. Trudeau's foreign policy included making Canada more independent; he patriated the Constitution and established the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedomsactions that achieved full Canadian sovereignty. He distanced Canada from the United States and rather formed close ties with the Soviet Union, China, and Cuban leader Fidel Castroputting him at odds with other capitalist Western nations.

In his retirement, Trudeau practiced law at the Montreal law firm of Heenan Blaikie. He also successfully campaigned against the Meech Lake and Charlottetown Accords which proposed granting Quebec certain concessionsarguing they would strengthen Quebec nationalism. Trudeau died in He is ranked highly among scholars in rankings of Canadian prime ministersthough he remains a divisive figure in Canadian politics and is viewed less favourably in Western Canada and Quebec.

His eldest son, Justin Trudeaubecame the 23rd and current prime minister, following the Canadian federal election ; Justin Trudeau is the first prime minister of Canada to be a descendant of a former prime minister. The Trudeau family can be traced to Marcillac-Lanville in France in the 16th century and to a Robert Truteau — He had an older sister named Suzette and a younger brother named Charles Jr.

Trudeau's paternal grandparents were French-speaking Quebec farmers. The school, which was for both English and French Catholics, was an exclusive school with very small classes and he excelled in mathematics and religion. In his seventh and final academic year, —, Trudeau focused on winning a Rhodes Scholarship. His letters of recommendations praised him highly.

Father Boulin, who was the head of the college, said that during Trudeau's seven years at the college —he had won a "hundred prizes and honourable mentions" and "performed with distinction in all fields". Trudeau did not win the Rhodes Scholarship. In his obituary, The Economist described Trudeau as "parochial as a young man", who "dismissed the second world war as a squabble between the big powers, although he later regretted 'missing one of the major events of the century'.

It wouldn't stop me from concentrating on my studies so long as that was possible In Montreal in the early s, we still knew nothing about the Holocaust and we tended to think of this war as a settling of scores among the superpowers. Young Trudeau opposed conscription for overseas service, [ 20 ] and in he campaigned for the anti-conscription candidate Jean Drapeau later the mayor of Montreal in Outremont.

Lapointe had been a Liberal MP during the Conscription Crisisin which the Canadian government had deployed up to 1, soldiers to suppress the anti-conscription Easter Riots in Quebec City in March and April In a final and bloody conflict, armed rioters fired on the troops, and the soldiers returned fire. Lapointe was aware that a new conscription crisis would destroy the national unity that Mackenzie King had been trying to build since the end of the First World War.

His criticisms of King's wartime policies, such as "suspension of habeas corpus," the "farce of bilingualism and French-Canadian advancement in the army," and the "forced 'voluntary' enrolment", were scathing. Following his graduation, he articled for a year and, in the fall ofbegan his Masters in political economy at Harvard University 's Graduate School of Public Administration now the John F.

Kennedy School of Government. In his Memoirhe admitted that it was at Harvard's "super-informed environment" that he realized the "historic importance" of the war and that he had "missed one of the major events of the century in which [he] was living. Trudeau's Harvard dissertation was on the topic of communism and Christianity. In the summer ofTrudeau embarked on world travels to find a sense of purpose.

He was "appalled at the narrow nationalism in his native French-speaking Quebec, and the authoritarianism of the province's government". Beginning while Trudeau was travelling overseas, several events took place in Quebec that were precursors to the Quiet Revolution. Artists and intellectuals in Quebec signed the Refus global on August 9, in opposition to the repressive rule of Quebec Premier Maurice Duplessis and the decadent "social establishment" in Quebec, including the Catholic Church.

Trudeau actively supported the workers in the Asbestos Strike who opposed Duplessis in Laurent as an economic policy advisor. He wrote in his memoirs that he found this period very useful when he entered politics later on, and that senior civil servant Norman Robertson tried unsuccessfully to persuade him to stay on. ScottEugene ForseyMichael Kelway Oliver and Charles Taylor led to his support of and membership in that federal democratic socialist party throughout the s.

He admired the labour unions, which were tied to the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation CCFand tried to infuse his Liberal Party with some of their reformist zeal. By the late s Trudeau began to reject social democratic and labour parties, arguing that they should put their narrow goals aside and join forces with Liberals to fight for democracy first.

InTrudeau criticized the Liberal Party of Lester Pearson when it supported arming Bomarc missiles in Canada with nuclear warheads. Trudeau was offered a position at Queen's University teaching political science by James Corrywho later became principal of Queen's, but turned it down because he preferred to teach in Quebec. Dubbed the "three wise men" by the media, they ran successfully for the Liberals in the election.

Trudeau himself was elected in the safe Liberal riding of Mount Royal in Montreal. He would hold this seat until his retirement from politics inwinning each election with large majorities. He also doubted the feasibility of the NDP's centralizing policies, and felt that the party leadership tended toward a " deux nations " approach he could not support.

Pearsonand spent much of the next year travelling abroad, representing Canada at international meetings and bodies, including the United Nations. As Justice Minister and Attorney General, Trudeau was responsible for introducing the landmark Criminal Law Amendment Actan omnibus bill whose provisions included, among other things, the decriminalization of homosexual acts between consenting adults, new gun ownership restrictions and the legalization of contraception, abortion and lotteries, as well as the authorization of breathalyzer tests on suspected drunk drivers.

Trudeau famously defended the segment of the bill decriminalizing homosexual acts by telling reporters that "there's no place for the state in the bedrooms of the nation", adding that "what's done in private between adults doesn't concern the Criminal Code". At the end of Canada's centennial year inPearson announced his intention to step pierre bruneau justin trudeau biography, and Trudeau entered the race to succeed him as party leader and Prime Minister.

His energetic campaign attracted widespread media attention and mobilized many young people, who saw Trudeau as a symbol of generational change. However, many Liberals still had reservations, given that he had only joined the party in During the convention, prominent Cabinet Minister Judy LaMarsh was caught on television profanely stating that Trudeau was not a Liberal.

Nevertheless, at the April Liberal leadership conventionTrudeau was elected leader on the fourth ballot, with the support of 51 percent of the delegates. He defeated several prominent and long-serving Liberals, including Paul Martin Sr. As the new leader of the governing Liberals, Trudeau was sworn in as prime minister on April Though the term of the Parliament was not due to expire until NovemberPearson's government had almost fallen before the leadership contest could even take place after a tax bill was voted down in Parliament, leading to much confusion over whether this counted as a matter of confidence in the government.

Governor General Roland Michener ultimately ruled that it did not, and the government subsequently won an actual confidence motion, but the incident made it clear that the minority government Trudeau had inherited would not realistically last the full parliamentary term, and that he would soon need to call an early election in order to win a parliamentary majority.

Trudeau's campaign benefited from an unprecedented wave of personal popularity called " Trudeaumania ", [ 56 ] [ 57 ] [ 58 ] which saw him mobbed by throngs of youths. As a candidate, Trudeau espoused participatory democracy as a means of making Canada a " Just Society ". He vigorously defended the newly implemented universal health care and regional development programmes, as well as the recent reforms found in the Omnibus bill.

On the eve of the election, during the annual Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day parade in Montreal, rioting Quebec sovereigntists threw rocks and bottles at the grandstand where Trudeau was seated, chanting "Trudeau au poteau! Rejecting the pleas of aides that he take cover, Trudeau stayed in his seat, facing the rioters, without any sign of fear.

The image of the defiant Prime Minister impressed the public. The next day, Trudeau handily won the election with a strong majority government ; this was the Liberals' first majority since Trudeau's first major legislative push was implementing the majority of recommendations from Pearson's Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism via the Official Languages Actwhich made French and English the co-equal official languages of the federal government.

It was the first of its kind in the world, [ 63 ] subsequently being emulated by several provinces such as Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba; even other countries, most notably Australia, which has had a similar history and immigration pattern, emulated the policy. Beyond the specifics of the policy itself, this action signalled an openness to the world and coincided with a more open immigration policy that Pearson had brought in.

The policy recognized that while Canada was a country of two official languages, it recognized a plurality of cultures — "a multicultural policy within a bilingual framework". Following the Vietnam War, a refugee crisis was caused by the flight of the " boat people " from Vietnam, as thousands of people, mostly ethnic Chinese, fled the country in makeshift boats across the South China Seausually to the British colony of Hong Kong.

The Trudeau government was generous in granting asylum to the refugees. The Paper proposed the general assimilation of First Nations into the Canadian body politic through the elimination of the Indian Act and Indian status, the parcelling of reserve land to private owners, and the elimination of the Department of Indian and Northern Affairs. The White Paper was widely seen as racist and an attack on Canada's indigenous peoples, and prompted the first major national mobilization of indigenous activists against the federal government's proposal, leading Trudeau to set aside the legislation.

On July 14,after a long and emotional debate, Bill C was passed by the House of Commons by a vote of toabolishing the death penalty completely and instituting a life sentence without parole for 25 years for first-degree murder. Trudeau, with the acquiescence of Quebec Premier Robert Bourassaresponded by invoking the War Measures Actwhich gave the government sweeping powers of arrest and detention without trial.

Trudeau presented a determined public stance during the crisis; when questioned by CBC Television journalist Tim Ralfe regarding how far he would go to stop the violence, Trudeau answered, " Just watch me ". Laporte was found dead on October 17 in the trunk of pierre bruneau justin trudeau biography car. The cause of his death is still debated.

Although this response is still controversial and was opposed at the time as excessive by parliamentarians like Tommy Douglas and David Lewisit was met with only limited objections from the public. After consultations with the provincial premiers, Trudeau agreed to attend a conference called by British Columbia Premier W. Bennett to attempt to finally patriate the Canadian constitution.

Trudeau faced increasing challenges in Quebec, starting with bitter relations with Bourassa and his Quebec Liberal government.

Pierre bruneau justin trudeau biography: The path to a Liberal minority

Following a rise in the polls after the rejection of the Victoria Charter, the Quebec Liberals had taken a more confrontational approach with the federal government on the constitution, French language lawsand the language of air traffic control in Quebec. The PQ had chiefly campaigned on a "good government" platform, but promised a referendum on independence to be held within their first mandate.

While Trudeau claimed to welcome the "clarity" provided by the PQ victory, the unexpected rise of the Quebec sovereignty movement became, in his view, his biggest challenge. As the PQ began to take power, Trudeau faced the prolonged breakdown of his marriage, which the English-language press covered in lurid detail on a day-by-day basis. Trudeau's reserve was seen as dignified by contemporaries, and his poll numbers actually rose during the height of coverage, [ 78 ] but aides felt the personal tensions left him uncharacteristically emotional and prone to outbursts.

Trudeau's first government implemented many procedural reforms to make Parliament and pierre bruneau justin trudeau biography Liberal caucus meetings run more efficiently, significantly expanded the size and role of the Prime Minister's office, [ 80 ] and substantially expanded social-welfare programs. Trudeau's government ran large budget deficits throughout its time in office.

InTrudeau's government greatly expanded unemployment insurancemaking coverage nearly universal as coverage for the Canadian labour force jumped to 96 percent from 75 percent. This expansion also opened the UI program up to maternity, sickness, and retirement benefits, covered seasonal workers for the first time, and allowed mothers to receive up to 15 weeks of benefits if they had 20 or more insurable weeks.

The reforms increased the maximum benefit period to 50 weeks, though the benefit duration was calculated using a complex formula depending on labour force participation and the regional and national unemployment rates. InTrudeau's government amended the National Housing Act to provide financial assistance for new home buyingloans for co-operative housingand low interest loans for municipal and private non-profit housing.

Also introduced was the Assisted Home Ownership Program which allowed the Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation CMHC to start providing grants and subsidized interest rates to low income families though in an amendment discontinued the provision of grant money to these families, which led to a high incidence of defaults, and in turn, necessitated that the federal government provide financial assistance to the CMHC.

The amendments saw the passage of the Rent Supplement Actwhich enabled the CMHC to partner with private landlords, cooperatives, and not-for-profit associations to provide affordable housing; in addition, the act saw the CMHC agree to fund the difference between market rental prices and rent prices geared to the specific occupant's income.

Lastly, the Canada Rental Supply Program was introduced to provide interest-free loans for 15 years to developers who agreed to allocate a proportion of units toward social housing initiatives. Similar to RRSPsproceeds from the RHOSP could be received tax-free for either [ 94 ] a down payment for the acquisition of an owner-occupied dwelling or to buy furnitures for the dwelling or the spouse's dwelling.

InTrudeau's government established the financial program Established Programs Financing to help finance the provincially -run healthcare and post-secondary education system, through transfer paymentsby cash and tax points. This system lasted until InTrudeau's government restructured family allowances by increasing the role of the tax system in child support and decreasing the role of family allowances.

InTrudeau's first finance ministerEdgar Bensonintroduced a white paper on tax reform which included tax deductions for child care and advocated shifting the tax burden from the poor to the wealthy. Measures to fulfill the latter proposal included a capital gains taxwhich was severely criticized by corporate Canada and the business community notably Israel Asper.

The bill was debated in Parliament for over a year, with its more radical proposals being removed in parliamentary committee. The reforms managed to be passed through the use of closurewith the capital gains tax that had an inclusion rate of 50 percent coming into effect on January 1,as prescribed by the budget.

Pierre bruneau justin trudeau biography: Canada's main opposition leader repeatedly attacked

InTrudeau's government fully indexed the person income tax system both the exemptions and the brackets to match inflation. The indexation was made effective in ; during that year, inflation had jumped from six percent to double digits. While popular with the electorate, Trudeau's promised minor reforms had little effect on the growing rate of inflation, and he struggled with conflicting advice on the crisis.

Amongst its many controls, it limited pay increases for federal government employees and employees in companies with over workers to 10 percent in8 percent inand 6 percent in The Act also established the anti-inflation board which oversaw the implementation of wage and price controls and had the ability to recommend decreases in prices of goods, wage cuts, and rebates to customers of various services.

During the annual Christmas interview with CTVTrudeau discussed the economy, citing market failures and stating that more state intervention would be necessary. However, the academic wording and hypothetical solutions posed during the complex discussion led much of the public to believe he had declared capitalism itself a failure, creating a lasting distrust among increasingly neoliberal business leaders.

On September 4,Trudeau requested that the Western Canadian provinces agree to a voluntary freeze on oil prices during the ongoing Arab oil embargo. Nine days later, the Trudeau government imposed a cent tax on every barrel of Canadian oil exported to the United States to combat rising inflation and oil prices. The tax was equivalent to the difference between domestic and international oil prices, and the revenues were used to subsidize oil imports for Eastern refiners.

The Premier of oil-rich AlbertaPeter Lougheedcalled the decision "the most discriminatory action taken by a federal government against a particular province in the entire history of Confederation. In the early s, the petroleum industry was largely under foreign mainly American control, the recent discovery of oil in Alaska put corporate pressure on the Canadian Arcticand Canada's energy sector increasingly focused on North American rather than domestic needs.

Trudeau's government initially rejected the idea of creating a nationalized oil company which was perceived to secure supplies, improve revenue collection, and give governments better information on the global energy marketarguing it would be costly and inefficient. However, after the late oil crisis saw global oil prices quadruple, questions arose about whether Canada should continue importing oil.

Though Canada also exported oil at times, the provinces of Quebec and Atlantic Canada were at risk of a cut-off of imports; as a result, Canada was in need of knowing more about its potential to produce energy. In late OctoberTrudeau's government adopted a motion from the New Democratic Party which the Trudeau minority government relied on for support to establish a nationalized oil company.

The Petro-Canada Act was passed in under a Trudeau majority governmentresulting in the creation of a new crown corporationPetro-Canada. Petro-Canada was mandated to acquire imported oil supplies, take part in energy research and development, and engage in downstream activities such as refining and marketing. Trudeau's government gave itself authority over Petro-Canada's capital budget and its corporate strategy, making the company its policy arm; the government also wanted the company to be mainly active on the frontiers the oil sands, the Arctic, and the East Coast offshore areas rather than Western Canada, where most Canadian oil is extracted.

InTrudeau appointed his friend, Maurice Strongto become the first chair of the company. Trudeau was the first world leader to meet John Lennon and his wife Yoko Ono on their "tour for world peace ". Lennon said, after talking with Trudeau for 50 minutes, that Trudeau was "a beautiful person" and that "if all politicians were like Pierre Trudeau, there would be world peace".

Halstead who worked as a close adviser to Trudeau for a time described him as a man who never read any of the policy papers submitted by the External Affairs department, instead preferring short briefings on the issues before meeting other leaders and that Trudeau usually tried to "wing" his way through international meetings by being witty. In Augustthe Trudeau government expressed disapproval of the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakiahaving the Canadian delegation at the United Nations vote for a resolution condemning the invasion, which failed to pass owing to a Soviet veto.

Though the meeting was very civil, Nixon came to intensely dislike Trudeau over time, referring to the Prime Minister in as "that asshole Trudeau". Relations with the United States deteriorated on many points during the Nixon presidency —74including trade disputes, defence agreements, energy, fishing, the environment, cultural imperialism, and foreign policy.

On January 4,Trudeau voted for a resolution in the House of Commons that condemned the American Christmas bombings against North Vietnam between 18 and 29 December Ortoli refused Trudeau's request for a free trade agreement with the EEC, saying that was out of the question, but did agree to open talks on lowering tariffs between Canada and the EEC.

Trudeau continued his attempts at increasing Canada's international profile, including joining the G7 group of major economic powers in at the behest of U. President Gerald Ford. The late s saw a more sympathetic American attitude toward Canadian political and economic needs, the pardoning of draft evaders who had moved to Canada, and the passing of old sore points such as Watergate and the Vietnam War.

Canada more than ever welcomed American investments during the " stagflation " high inflation and high unemployment at the same time that hurt both nations in the s. Trudeau attached little importance to relations with the United Kingdom. While he shot down a suggestion by one of his ministers to turn Canada into a republic inhe treated the monarchy with a certain bemused contempt.

In —71, the Commonwealth was threatened with a split as a number of African members, supported by India, denounced Britain's policy of selling arms to apartheid South Africa, which the UK argued was necessary because South Africa was not only one of the world's largest gold producers, but its government was anti-Communist and pro-Western.

In what was described as a "no holds-barred" style, Trudeau told Heath that the British arms sales to white supremacist South Africa were threatening the unity of the Commonwealth. Trudeau had an especially close friendship with the Social Democratic West German Chancellor Helmut Schmidtwhom he greatly liked pierre bruneau justin trudeau biography for his left-wing politics and as a practical politician who was more concerned about getting things done rather than with ideological questions.

Trudeau established Canadian diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China before the United States did inand went on an official visit to Beijing. On 10 Februarythe government announced its wish to establish diplomatic relations with the People's Republic, and Trudeau was mortified when the Chinese refused to respond at first, which made him look foolish.

On 19 Februarythe Chinese finally responded and agreed to open talks in Stockholm on establishing diplomatic relations, which began on 3 April The Canadian government takes note of the Chinese position". InTrudeau, succumbing to pressure from the Chinese government, issued an order barring Taiwan from participating as China in the Montreal Olympicsalthough technically it was a matter for the IOC.

Trudeau was known as a friend of Fidel Castrothe leader of Cuba. Viva Castro! Long Live Castro! Many people in the West saw the Cuban intervention as "aggression", and as a power play by the Soviet Union to win a sphere of influence in Africa. Trudeau's remarks in Havana were widely seen in the West as not only expressing approval of Cuba's Communist government, but also the Cuban intervention in Angola.

On September 1,over four years into the Liberals' five-year mandate, Trudeau called an election for October At the start of the campaign, polls showed the Liberals 10 points ahead of the Progressive Conservatives led by Robert Stanfieldwho previously lost to Trudeau in the election. However, the results produced a Liberal minority governmentwith the Liberals winning seats compared to the PCs' ; this was one of the closest elections in Canadian history.

Trudeaumania from the election had worn off, not least because of a slumping economy and rising unemployment. In Maythe House of Commons passed a motion of no confidence in the Trudeau government, defeating its budget bill after Trudeau intentionally antagonized Stanfield and Lewis. Stanfield proposed the immediate introduction of wage and price controls to help end the increasing inflation Canada was facing.

Trudeau mocked the proposal, telling a newspaper reporter that it was the equivalent of a magician saying "Zap! You're frozen", and instead promoted a variety of small tax cuts to curb inflation. The Liberals were re-elected with a majority government, winning out of seats, prompting Stanfield's retirement. However, the Liberals did not win any seats in Alberta, where Premier Peter Lougheed was a vociferous opponent of Trudeau's budget.

As the s wore on, growing public exhaustion towards Trudeau's personality and the country's constitutional debates caused his poll numbers to fall rapidly in the late s. After a series of by-election defeats inTrudeau waited as long as he could to call a general election in He finally did so, only two months from the five-year limit provided under the British North America Act.

To contrast Trudeau's image with that of the mild-mannered Clark, Trudeau and his advisors based their campaign on Trudeau's decisive personality and his grasp of the Constitution file, despite the general public's apparent wariness of both. The traditional Liberal rally at Maple Leaf Gardens saw Trudeau stressing the importance of major constitutional reform to general ennui, and his campaign "photo-ops" were typically surrounded by picket lines and protesters.

Though polls portended disaster, Clark's struggles justifying his party's populist platform and a strong Trudeau performance in the election debate helped bring the Liberals to the point of contention. Though the Liberals won the popular vote by four points, its vote was concentrated in Quebec but faltered in industrial Ontario. This allowed the PCs to win a plurality of the seats in the House of Commons and form a minority government.

Trudeau soon announced his intention to resign as Liberal Party leader and favoured Donald Macdonald to be his successor. In Canada, as in most other countries with a Westminster systembudget votes are indirectly considered to be votes of confidence in the government, and their failure automatically brings down the government. Liberal and NDP votes and Social Credit abstentions led to the subamendment passing —, thereby toppling Clark's government and triggering a new election for a House less than a year old.

The Liberal caucus, along with friends and advisors, persuaded Trudeau to stay on as leader and fight the election, with Trudeau's main impetus being the upcoming referendum on Quebec sovereignty. Trudeau and the Liberals engaged in a new strategy for the February election : facetiously called the "low bridge", it involved dramatically underplaying Trudeau's role and avoiding media appearances, to the point of refusing a televised debate.

On election day, Ontario returned to the Liberal fold, and Trudeau and the Liberals defeated Clark and won a majority government. The Liberal victory in highlighted a sharp geographical divide in the country: the party had won no seats west of Manitoba. Trudeau, in an attempt to represent Western interests, offered to form a coalition government with Ed Broadbent 's NDP, which had won 22 seats in the west, but was rebuffed by Broadbent out of fear the party would have no influence in a majority government.

Trudeau immediately initiated federal involvement in the referendum, reversing the Clark government's policy of leaving the issue to the Quebec Liberals and Claude Ryan. Unlike Ryan and the Liberals, he refused to acknowledge the legitimacy of the referendum question, and noted that the "association" required consent from the other provinces. He described the origin of the name as Canadian.

Following the announcement of the results, Trudeau said that he "had never been so proud to be a Quebecker and a Canadian". One of the Liberals' most contentious policies, the NEP was fiercely protested by the Western provinces and was seen as unfairly depriving them of the full economic benefit of their oil and gas resources, in order to pay for nationwide social programs and make regional transfer payments to poorer parts of the country.

Alberta premier Peter Lougheed entered into tough negotiations with Trudeau, reaching a revenue-sharing agreement on energy in This first budget was one of a series of unpopular budgets delivered in response to the oil shock of and the ensuing severe global economic recession which began at the start of They are not just Canadian problems Amongst the policies introduced by Trudeau's last term in office were an expansion in government support for Canada's poorest citizens.

Inflation and unemployment marred much of Trudeau's tenure as prime minister. InTrudeau succeeded in patriating the Constitution. Provincial premiers were united in their concerns regarding an amending formula, a court-enforced Charter of Rights, and a further devolution of powers to the provinces. After chairing a series of increasingly acrimonious conferences with first ministers on the issue, Trudeau announced the federal government's intention to proceed with a request to the British Parliament to patriate the constitution unilaterally, with additions to be approved by a referendum without input from provincial governments.

After numerous provincial governments challenged the legality of the decision using their reference powerconflicting decisions prompted a Supreme Court decision that stated unilateral patriation was legal, but was in contravention of a constitutional convention that the provinces be consulted and have general agreement to the changes.

After the court decision, which prompted some reservations in the British Parliament of accepting a unilateral request, [ ] Trudeau agreed to meet with the premiers one more time before proceeding. At this meeting, Trudeau reached an agreement with nine of the premiers on patriating the constitution and implementing the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedomswith the caveat that Parliament and the provincial legislatures would have the ability to use a notwithstanding clause to protect some laws from judicial oversight.

The school had begun as a Jesuit school but was non-denominational by the time Justin matriculated. Trudeau has a bachelor of arts degree in literature from McGill University and a bachelor of education degree from the University of British Columbia. In his first year at McGill, Trudeau became acquainted with his future principal secretaryGerald Buttsthrough their mutual friend, Jonathan Ablett.

After the event, an unsigned editorial in the Creston Valley Advance a local newspaper accused Trudeau of having groped an unnamed female reporter while at the music festival. The editorial stated Trudeau provided a "day-late" apology to the reporter, saying, "If I had known you were reporting for a national paper, I never would have been so forward".

His pierre bruneau justin trudeau biography and later statement about the event have been described as hypocritical, while responses to the story have been described as a witch hunt or non-story. In OctoberTrudeau, then 28, emerged as a prominent figure after delivering a eulogy at his father's state funeral. He portrayed his fifth cousin, twice removed, [ 78 ] Major Talbot Mercer Papineauwho was killed on October 30,during the Battle of Passchendaele.

Trudeau and his family started the Kokanee Glacier Alpine Campaign for winter sports safety intwo years after his brother Michel died in an avalanche during a ski trip. He was quoted as saying, "The river is an absolutely magnificent, magical place. I'm not saying mining is wrong It's just the wrong thing to be doing. Trudeau supported the Liberal Party from a young age, offering his support to party leader John Turner in the federal election.

Following his father's death, Trudeau became more involved with the Liberal Party throughout the s. In OctoberTrudeau criticized Quebec nationalism by describing political nationalism generally as an "old idea from the 19th century", "based on a smallness of thought" and not relevant to modern Quebec. This comment was seen as a criticism of Michael Ignatieffthen a candidate in the Liberal Party leadership electionwho was promoting recognition of Quebec as a nation.

Trudeau announced his support for leadership candidate Gerard Kennedy shortly before the convention and introduced Kennedy during the candidates' final speeches. Rumours circulated in early that Trudeau would run in an upcoming by-election in the Montreal riding of Outremont. Instead, Trudeau announced that he would seek the Liberal nomination in the nearby riding of Papineau for the next general election.

On April 29,Trudeau won the Liberal party's nomination, picking up votes to for Deros and for Giordano against Mary Derosa Montreal city councillor and Basilio Giordanothe publisher of a local Italian-language newspaper. Prime Minister Stephen Harper called an election for October 14,by which time Trudeau had been campaigning for a year in Papineau.

The Conservative Party won a minority government in the election, and Trudeau entered parliament as a member of the Official Opposition. Trudeau's first legislative act was a motion that called for the creation of a "national voluntary service policy for young people". In Septemberhe was reassigned as critic for youth, citizenship, and immigration.

He encouraged an increase of Canada's relief efforts after the Haiti earthquakeand sought more accessible immigration procedures for Haitians moving to Canada in the time of crisis. His own riding includes a significant Haitian community. Trudeau was re-elected in Papineau in the federal electionas the Liberal Party fell to third-party standing in the House of Commons with only thirty-four seats.

Ignatieff resigned as party leader immediately after the election, and rumours again circulated that Trudeau could run to become his successor. On this occasion, Trudeau said, "I don't feel I should be closing off any options Rae appointed Trudeau as the party's critic for post-secondary education, youth and amateur sport. Trudeau wanted to take part in a charity boxing match on behalf of the cancer research fundraising event Fight for the Cure, but was having difficulty finding a Conservative opponent until Conservative senator Patrick Brazeau agreed when asked on Trudeau's behalf by their mutual hairdresser Stefania Capovilla.

Trudeau won in the third round; the result was considered an upset. After Dion's resignation as Liberal leader inTrudeau's name was mentioned as a potential candidate with polls showing him as a favourite among Canadians for the position. However, Trudeau did not enter the race and Michael Ignatieff was named leader in December Following the election, Trudeau said he was undecided about seeking the leadership; [ ] months later on October 12 at Wilfrid Laurier Universityhe announced he would not seek the post because he had a young family.

Opinion polling conducted by several pollsters showed that if Trudeau were to become leader the Liberal Party would surge in support, from a distant third place to either being competitive with the Conservative Party or leading them. On September 26,multiple media outlets started reporting that Trudeau would launch his leadership bid the following week.

On October 2,Trudeau held a rally in Montreal to launch his bid for the leadership of the Liberal Party. During the leadership campaign, three by-elections were held on November 26, Liberal candidate Harvey Locke said he lost the by-election on his own and that comments made by Trudeau did not influence the outcome. Fellow leadership candidate Marc Garneauseen as Trudeau's main challenger in the race, criticized Trudeau for not releasing enough substantial policy positions.

Garneau called on him to release more detailed policies before members and supporters begin to vote. She challenged Trudeau over his support for a preferential ballot voting system. On March 13,Garneau dropped out of the leadership race, saying that polling conducted by his campaign showed he would be unable to defeat Trudeau. With Joyce Murray, the last challenger, receiving significant press time, more Liberal politicians and public figures declared themselves for Trudeau.

Trudeau was declared the winner of the leadership election on April 14,garnering In the days following his victory in the leadership race, snapshot polls recorded a surge in support for the Liberal party. InTrudeau chose to give up his seat at the funeral of Nelson Mandelain deference to Irwin Cotler as representative of the Liberal Party of Canadabecause of Cotler's work for and with Nelson Mandela in fighting apartheid.

During the leadership campaign, Trudeau pledged to park all his assets, exclusive of real estate holdings, into a blind trust which is atypical for opposition MPs, including leaders. Trudeau launched an internet video the week before the Liberal party convention titled "An economy that benefits us all" in which he narrates his economic platform.

He said that Canada's debt to GDP ratios have come down in recent years and now it's time for Ottawa to "step up". On October 19,after the longest official campaign in over a century, Trudeau led the Liberals to a decisive victory in the federal election. The Liberals won of the seats, with This was the second-best performance in the party's history.

The Liberals won mostly on the strength of a solid performance in the eastern half of the country. In addition to taking all of Atlantic Canada and Toronto, [ ] they won 40 seats in Quebec—the most that the Liberals had won in that province since Trudeau's father led them to a near-sweep of the province inand also the first time since then that the Liberals won a majority of Quebec's seats in an election.

The seat gain was the biggest numerical increase for a single party since Confederation and marked the first time that a party had rebounded from third place in the Commons to a majority government. In addition to the appeal of his party's platform, Trudeau's success has been credited to his performance pierre bruneau justin trudeau biography on the campaign trail and televised leaders' debates exceeding the lowered expectations created by Conservative advertisements and conservative media outlets.

Trudeau declared victory shortly after CBC News projected that he had won a majority government. According to Trudeau, Laurier "knew that politics can be a positive force, and that's the message Canadians have sent today". The Trudeau government's economic policy initially relied on increased tax revenues to pay for increased government spending.

After the election, Canada set targets to welcome an increased number of immigrants and refugees. In SeptemberTrudeau stated housing prices were "far too high", but, in Mayduring an interview with The Globe and MailTrudeau said, "housing needs to retain its value. InTrudeau touted his Child Benefit Program, claiming it had liftedchildren out of poverty.

Canada introduced the right to medically-assisted dying in In his government announced a ban on producing and importing single use plastic from December The sale of those items will be banned from December and the export from The latter was called in response to allegations of Chinese government interference in the and Canadian federal electionsbut also deals with interference from other states deemed hostile to Canada.

Hunka received two standing ovations from all house members, including Justin Trudeau, other party leaders, and visiting Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy. The incident, seen as a political blunder [ ] [ ] and a scandal, such that it drew comparisons to the most embarrassing moments in Canada's history, [ ] was leveraged by the Russian establishment to further its justifications for waging war in Ukraine.

Trudeau said, "This is a mistake that deeply embarrassed parliament and Canada" and apologized to President Zelenskyy. His government's response to the pandemic included funds for provinces and territories to adapt to the new situation, funds for coronavirus research, travel restrictions, screening of international flights, self-isolation orders under the Quarantine Actan industrial strategy, and a public health awareness campaign.

Initially, Canada faced a shortage of personal protective equipmentas the Trudeau government had cut PPE stockpile funding in the previous years. Throughout the pandemic, the federal government was also responsible for the procurement of COVID vaccines. The spread of COVID in Canada continued beyond the initial outbreak, with a strong second wave in the fall of and an even more serious third wave in the spring of The Canada convoy protest, called the Freedom Convoy, was a protest in Canada against COVID vaccine requirements for truckers to re-enter the country by land introduced by the Government of Canada on January 15, Originally composed of several routes traversing all of the Canadian provincesthe truck convoys converged on Ottawa.

On January 29, the first day of protest at Parliament HillTrudeau moved to an undisclosed location. Trudeau invoked the Emergencies Act on February 14,for the first time since it was enacted inas a result of the public order emergency caused by the demonstrations in Ottawa. Later that day, the governor general signed a proclamation revoking it.

As of June [update]the federal government planned to appeal the ruling. On September 11,Trudeau visited Governor General Julie Payetteto request the dissolution of Parliament, and formally triggering an election. In Septembercontroversial pictures and video were published showing Trudeau in brownface and blackface. I should have known better and I didn't.

I'm really sorry. While Trudeau's Liberal Party lost 20 seats in the House of Commons lowering its total from to from the time of dissolution, they still won the most seats of any party—enough to allow Trudeau to form a minority government. In the first two weeks of the campaign, Trudeau received criticism for not acting fast enough in the face of the Taliban offensive to evacuate Canadian citizens and Afghans who supported Canada's military and diplomatic efforts during the War in Afghanistan.

In the federal election, Trudeau secured a third mandate and his second minority government after winning seats. However, the Liberals came in second in the national popular vote, behind the Conservatives. On March 22,the Liberals and the NDP entered a confidence and supply agreementin which the NDP committed to supporting the Liberals in all votes of confidence for the duration of the 44th Parliament.

In Septemberthe NDP pulled their support and ended the confidence and supply agreement. InTrudeau lifted visa requirements for Mexican citizens. Asylum claims by Mexicans grew from in to 24, in Visas and some restrictions were reinstated in Diversity is our strength WelcomeToCanada," on Twitter. As a result, irregular border crossing increased, mainly at Roxham Road.

Trudeau enjoyed good relations with the "like-minded" United States president Barack Obama[ ] despite Trudeau's support for the Keystone Pipelinewhich was rejected by the Democratic president. Canada's relationship with China also deteriorated during Trudeau's time as prime minister. Barton resigned in December"amidst growing pressure from President Joe Biden for Ottawa to take a tougher stance with Beijing.

Although Trudeau repeatedly claimed the two were arbitrarily targeted, it was later reported Spavor had unwittingly participated in espionage by sharing information on North Korea with Kovrig who then passed it onto the Canadian government. In a similar fashion, Canada's relationship with Saudi Arabia was also put under strain, as human rights groups called on Trudeau to stop selling military equipment to that country under a deal struck by the Harper government.

InSaudi Arabia recalled its Canadian ambassador and froze trade with the country in response to Canada's call for the Saudis to release opposition blogger Raif Badawi. However, inCanada doubled its weapons sales to Saudi Arabia, despite a "moratorium on export permits following the killing of the Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi and mounting civilian deaths from the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen.

This was the second time Canada had failed an attempt to join the Security Council, the first time being in under Prime Minister Stephen Harper. In SeptemberTrudeau said that the government of Canada had "credible intelligence" that the government of India was involved in the killing of a Canadian citizen, Hardeep Singh Nijjaroutside a Sikh temple in Surrey.

This episode caused a rapid deterioration of Canada—India relations. In October 7,Trudeau condemned Hamas ' actions during the Israel—Hamas war and expressed his support to Israel and its right to self-defence. In andCanadian media reported that the People's Republic of China had made attempts to interfere in the Canadian federal election and Canadian federal election.

Canadian opposition parties demanded a public inquiry into election interference. Rejecting a full public inquiry, Trudeau nominated former Governor General of Canada David Johnston to investigate the allegations. Johnston delivered a report in Maywhich described China's interference as a danger to Canadian democracy, stated that some of the media reports were partially incorrect, and that the Canadian intelligence services and Canadian government needed to make several improvements to counter the threat and protect members of Parliament.

In Maythe inquiry issued its preliminary report, finding that China engaged in foreign interference in both elections, but the interference did not affect the ultimate result of either election. Trudeau was criticized by opposition members in November for his fundraising tactics, which they saw as "cash for access" schemes. He also stated that he was lobbied at the fundraisers but not influenced.

In Januarythe ethics commissionerMary Dawsonbegan an investigation into Trudeau for a vacation he and his family took to Aga Khan IV 's private island in the Bahamas. Atwal had previously been convicted for the shooting and attempted murder of Indian Cabinet minister Malkiat Singh Sidhu inas well as the assault on former BC premier Ujjal Dosanjh in Following the dinner, the PMO rescinded the invitation, and apologized for the incident.

When asked about the allegations, Trudeau said that the story in the Globe was false and that he had never "directed" Wilson-Raybould concerning the case. Trudeau said he "welcomed the investigation". Wilson-Raybould is heard suggesting that Trudeau would be "breaching a constitutional principle of prosecutorial independence". On March 19,the Liberal committee members voted as a bloc to shut down the Justice Committee's investigation.

Pierre bruneau justin trudeau biography: Charlie became a lawyer and

The commission's final report, issued August 14,concluded "Mr. Trudeau contravened section 9 of the Act". Following complaints by opposition parties that the Trudeau family had ties to WE Charitythe ethics commissioner on July 3,announced an investigation into Trudeau's and the government's decision to have the charity administer a summer, student-grant program which could assist students financially during the COVID pandemic.

Trudeau responded by saying WE was the charity that had the capability to administer such a program. WE and the federal government decided to "part ways" leaving administration of the grant program to the federal government. Since the federal election, the Liberals have faced declining poll numbers and disappointing results in by-electionsincluding losses in safe seats such as Toronto—St.

This appeared to culminate in a caucus meeting where multiple members called on Trudeau to resign. Trudeau emerged from this meeting stating that the party remained "strong and united". The closing months of later saw a wave of resignations in Trudeau's cabinet. On December 16,Chrystia Freeland resigned as Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Financehours before she was due to release the government's fall economic statement.

She instead decided to resign altogether from his Cabinet, saying that "to be effective, a Minister must speak on behalf of the Prime Minister and with his full confidence. In making your decision, you made clear that I no longer credibly enjoy that confidence. On January 6,citing that Canada "[deserved] a real choice in the next election ", and that he was facing "internal battles" he felt would be a distraction, Trudeau announced during a news conference at Rideau Cottage that he would tender his resignation as leader of the Liberal Party, and as prime minister of Canada.

He also announced that Governor General Mary Simon would prorogue Parliament until March 24,while the party organizes and holds its next leadership election. Trudeau will continue to serve as prime minister and party leader until the Liberal Party elects its new leader, after which he will resign in favour of his successor. Following the incident, Trudeau, who was in Winnipeg at the time of the break-in, stated his intention to inquire with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police about his home security.

Trudeau's father was a devout Catholic pierre bruneau justin trudeau biography ] and his mother converted from Anglicanism to Catholicism just before their wedding. Maybe on Easter, maybe midnight Mass at Christmas. Bold indicates parties with members elected to the House of Commons. Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read View source View history.

Tools Tools. Download as PDF Printable version. In other projects. Prime Minister of Canada since The Right Honourable. PC MP. Pierre Trudeau father Margaret Sinclair mother. Rideau Cottage primary Harrington Lake seasonal. Government website Party website. Justin Trudeau's voice. University and early career. Opposition — Leader of the Liberal Party.

Main article: Liberal Party of Canada leadership election. Early leadership — Main article: Canadian federal election. Prime Minister of Canada —present. Main article: Premiership of Justin Trudeau. Main article: Domestic policy of the Justin Trudeau government. Freedom Convoy and Emergencies Act invocation. Main article: Canada convoy protest.

Confidence and supply agreement. Main article: Foreign policy of the Justin Trudeau government. See also: List of international prime ministerial trips made by Justin Trudeau. Main article: Chinese government interference in the and Canadian federal elections. Main article: SNC-Lavalin affair. Main article: WE Charity scandal. See also: — Canadian political crisis.

Main article: Trudeau family. Main article: Electoral history of Justin Trudeau.

Pierre bruneau justin trudeau biography: Liberal Leader Justin Trudeau presses

Trudeau, Justin October 20, Common Ground. ISBN OCLC Library of Parliament. Archived from the original on July 12, Retrieved April 14, Toronto Star. Retrieved January 15, Chicago Tribune. Chicago Tribune Press Services. Archived from the original on March 5, Retrieved September 4, Trudeau expecting, due December". Montreal Gazette.

The Canadian Press. June 24, Archived from the original on May 2, Retrieved May 22, Ottawa Citizen. December 1, Archived from the original on December 18, Retrieved October 7, Archived from the original on January 25, Retrieved October 21, Petersburg Times. December 31, Retrieved March 2, Knopf Canada. Archived from the original on July 31, Retrieved May 27, Archived from the original on September 26, Retrieved September 30, CBC Digital Archives.

Conservative leader Pierre Poilievre said "nothing has changed" following Trudeau's resignation. Trudeau, 53, had faced growing calls to quit from inside his Liberal Party, which ramped up in December when deputy prime minister and long-time ally Chrystia Freeland abruptly resigned. In a public resignation letter, Freeland cited US President-elect Donald Trump's threats of tariffs on Canadian goodsand accused Trudeau of not doing enough to address the "grave challenge" posed by Trump's proposals.

Trudeau said Monday that he had hoped Freeland would have continued as deputy prime minister, "but she chose otherwise". Canada has since announced that it will implement sweeping new security measures along the country's US border in response to the threat. In an online post, Trump claimed that pressure over tariffs led to Trudeau's resignation and repeated his jibe that Canada should become "the 51st State".

Following Freeland's resignation, Trudeau lost the backing of parties that had previously helped keep the Liberals in power - the left-leaning New Democrats, who had a support agreement with the Liberals, and the Quebec nationalist party, Bloc Quebecois. The largest opposition party, the Conservatives, have maintained a significant two-digit lead over the Liberals in polls for months - suggesting that if a general election were held today, the Liberals could be in for a significant defeat.

Liberals will now choose a new leader to take the party into the next election, which must be held on or before 20 October. A senior government official told the BBC that the race is an open contest, and that the Prime Minister's Office will fully stay out of the process, leaving it to Liberal Party members to decide their future. The Biography.

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