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On 21 March when hundreds of peaceful demonstrators in the Sharpeville Township were massacred, Chief Luthuli publicly burnt his pass book and called on South Africans to observe a national day of mourning. He was detained and given a suspended sentence and then released. He was further confined to a smaller area around his home under the Suppression of Communism Act and banned from receiving visitors, issuing statements and attending church services.

The Nobel Peace Prize. Facing mounting pressure nationally and internationally, the South African government permitted Chief Luthuli to travel to Norway to receive his award. A year later he was not allowed to travel to United Kingdom when he was appointed honorary rector of the University of Glasgow in In the same year, his autobiography Let My People Go was published.

His death. Chief Luthuli led the ANC until 21 July when while out on a walk near his home he was reportedly struck by a train and killed. After John Dube suffered a stroke inAllison Champion succeeded him as Natal president in after defeating conservative leader Reverend A. During the election meeting, Luthuli was unexpectedly appointed as acting chair.

Serving on Champion's executive, Luthuli remained politically active. However, the Youth League's adoption of a more confrontational Programme of Action in led to growing dissatisfaction with Champion's leadership, as he prioritised Natal's separateness over the new strategy. G Champion. The preparations for the Defiance Campaign began on 6 Aprilwhile the campaign itself was scheduled for 26 June Beginning in June, around volunteers [ 73 ] of the ANC and South African Indian Congresswho were carefully selected to follow the method of nonviolent resistancedeliberately set out to break the laws of apartheid.

As the movement gained momentum, violence suddenly flared. The outbreaks were not a planned part of the campaign, and many, including Luthuli, believe it to be the work of provocateur agents. Despite the efforts of the Defiance Campaign, the government's attitude remained unchanged, and they viewed the event as " communist-inspired " and a threat to law and order.

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This perception led to increased security measures and tighter controls. The Criminal Law Amendment Act allowed for individuals to be banned without trial, and the Public Safety Act allowed the government to suspend rule of law. Prior to the campaign, the ANC's membership numbered 25, in After the conclusion of the Campaign init had increased toEven though there were thousands of protesters and some incidents of violence occurred, the low level of violence overall was a notable accomplishment.

The ANCYL's support for Luthuli reflected its desire for a leader who would enact its programmes and goals, and marked a pattern of younger, more militant members within the ANC ousting presidents they deemed inflexible. The s witnessed the erosion of black civil liberties, through the Treason Trial and the passage of the Suppression of Communism Actwhich gave the police power to suppress government critics.

On 30 Maythe government banned Luthuli for a year, [ 89 ] [ 90 ] prohibiting him from attending any political or public gatherings and from entering major cities. In mid, following the expiration of his ban, Luthuli was due to lead a protest in the Transvaal against the Western Areas Removals, a government scheme where close to 75, Africans were forced to move from Sophiatown and other townships.

As he stepped off his plane in Johannesburgthe Special Branch handed him new banning orders, [ 94 ] not only prohibiting the attendance of meetings but confining him to the Groutville area for two years until July InZ. Matthews proposed a large democratic convention, to be known as the Congress of the Peoplewhere all South Africans would be invited to create a Freedom Charter.

Luthuli was not able to attend the Congress of the People or the framing of the Freedom Charter due to a stroke and heart attack [ ] [ ] as well as the banning order that confined him to Groutville. After his second banning order expired in Julyhe was arrested on 5 December and detained during the preliminary Treason Trial hearings in One of the main charges against the African National Congress leaders were that they were involved in a communist conspiracy to overthrow the government.

Anti-apartheid activists were often accused of being communists, and Luthuli was accustomed to such accusations and frequently dismissed them. The charges brought against the accused covered the period from 1 October to 13 Decemberwhich included mabheleni ntuli biographies of albert such as the Defiance CampaignSophiatown removals protest, and the Congress of the People.

Many of the lawyers who defended the accused were drawn by Luthuli and Z. Matthews being on trial. Their involvement contributed to raising global awareness and support for the accused. On 25 Maythe government served Luthuli his third banning order, which lasted for five years. While Luthuli was still under a banning order, the ANC, led by Luthuli, announced an anti-pass campaign starting at the end of March On 21 March the PAC called for all African men to go to police stations and hand over their passbooks.

In August, Luthuli was fined pounds and initially sentenced to six months in jail. However, in September, this was later reduced to a three year suspended sentence on the condition that he would not be found guilty of a similar offense during that time. Following his return from prison to GroutvilleLuthuli's power began to wane due to the banning of the ANC and the banning and imprisonment of supporting leaders, a decline in his health since his stroke and heart attack, and the rise of members in the ANC advocating for an armed struggle.

In Mayfollowing a strikethey believed that " traditional weapons of protest … were no longer appropriate. With the government's bans on the ANC and nonviolent protests, Mandela believed waiting for revolutionary conditions to arise, which was favoured by communist members, was not an option. Instead, the ANC had to adapt to their new underground conditions and draw inspiration from successful uprisings in CubaAlgeriaand Vietnam.

Supporters of armed defence believed the ANC was afraid and running from a physical fight while others believed counter-violence would provoke the government into arresting and killing them. While Luthuli did not support an armed struggle, he also did not oppose it. Other militant organisations were created in South West AfricaMozambiqueand Southern Rhodesia in the early s.

In Octoberduring his most severe ban yet, Luthuli received the Nobel Peace Prizebecoming the first African person to win the award. The Nobel Prize transformed Luthuli from being relatively unknown to a global celebrity. He received congratulatory letters from leaders of 25 countries, including U. President John F. In Groutvillejournalists lined up to interview Luthuli who dedicated the award to the ANC and expressed gratitude to his wife Nokukhanya.

He also used his newfound status as a global podium, and he pleaded to the UN and South Africa's trading partners to impose sanctions on Verwoerd's government. Luthuli still had to apply for permission to receive the prize in OsloNorway on 10 December Minister of the InteriorJan de Klerk initially refused to issue Luthuli a passport but after intense domestic and international pressure, the government finally issued him one.

Volksblad argued the way Luthuli had "grasped every opportunity to besmirch South Africa was shocking". Luthuli demands a universal franchise, which is just as silly as restricting the vote to people of one colour and he asks the world to apply sanctions to his own country, which is as reckless and damaging as has been another leader's HF Verwoerd impetuous withdrawal from the commonwealth.

Neither speaks for the authentic South African". The Natal Daily Newsa white-owned newspaper, described him as "a man with moral and intellectual qualities that have earned him the respect of the world and a position of leadership". Following his Nobel Peace Prize win, Luthuli was in a position of international renown for his nonviolence despite the concurrent sabotage operations of uMkhonto we Sizwe.

Luthuli's role would have been chair of the university courtthe university's executive body, which met every month.

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Students elected Luthuli knowing he would serve in absentia. Although ceremonial, Luthuli's election was significant as he was the first African and first non-white person to be nominated as Rector. The South African government allegedly intercepted all mail from the University to Luthuli, an allegation the government denied. Luthuli's adherence to nonviolence also had support from his friend and civil rights activist Martin Luther King Jr.

InKing became the youngest Nobel Peace Prize winner receiving the award for his nonviolent activism against racial discriminationsimilar to Luthuli. King compared the racism in America to South Africa stating: "clearly there is much in Mississippi and Alabama to remind South Africans of their own country. Harrison portrayed Luthuli as Christ crucified on a cross.

The painting was unveiled in St. The painting garnered controversy across South Africa. Verwoerd and Minister of Justice John Vorster. Minister of the Interior, Jan de Klerkordered the painting to be taken down and Harrison to appear before the Censorship Board. The Censorship Board banned the painting, deeming it disrespectful to religious sentiments.

Following a CBS television documentary on the artwork, the government mandated its destruction. He would later serve eight years of house arrest on charges related to his painting. Luthuli desired to meet Harrison after learning of his painting and its significance, and the Norwegian Embassy arranged a visit for Harrison to Luthuli. Effective 31 MayJohn Vorsterthe Minister of Justice, issued Luthuli a more severe banning order than the one he received in Unlike the previous ban, the new ban prevented Luthuli from travelling to the closest town of Stanger until 31 May Vorster believed that Luthuli's activism advanced communismand he cautioned him against publishing any statements, making contact with banned individualsor addressing gatherings.

Kennedy later gave a press conference where he described Luthuli as one of the most impressive men he had ever met. He was already weak when I returned to Groutville [from the farms in Swaziland] in And he was very touchy. He got depressed when something went wrong in the house. His feelings had run high because of the treatment he received from the police.

They often used to come and take him away from the house, even at that stage. I decided not to go back in because things had deteriorated so much at home that I needed time to work up the fields and crops. Luthuli's political and physical activity declined significantly in the period leading up to his death. These notes suggest that Luthuli had little contact with others during the last six months of his life and focused primarily on religious mattersincluding dates of service and scripture readings.

Although it is not certain, it appears that Luthuli's mental state may have been declining, as his handwriting became increasingly difficult to decipher. However, by the middle of the s, many African growers had been marginalised, and the government had turned on Indian growers. YM DadooPresident of the Transvaal Indian Congress, signed a joint declaration of cooperation on March 9, in a bid to mobilise support for a campaign aimed at resisting these measures.

Through minor clashes with white authority Luthuli had his first direct experience with African political predicaments.

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Travel outside South Africa also widened his perspective during this period; in he was a delegate at an international missionary conference in India, and in he spent nine months on a church-sponsored tour of the United States. At this stage Luthuli was being gradually eased into a political involvement transcending his role as a chief. Sensing that the ANC in Natal was moribund, and aware of the leadership vacuum created by the illness and the death of John L Dube inLuthuli became actively involved in strengthening the organisation.

Luthuli was returned unopposed to the semi-defunct council in His public support for the Defiance Campaign brought him finally into direct conflict with the South African government, and after refusing to resign from the ANC, he was dismissed from his post as chief in November During the Defiance Campaign Chief Luthuli was actively involved in soliciting and recruiting volunteers.

He was particularly active on the East Rand where, along with Oliver Tambo, he addressed numerous meetings on different occasions.

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The Defiance Campaign in these townships coincided with numerous popular protests such as bus boycotts, squatter movements and industrial strikes. These interactions brought him into contact with leading trade unionists in the region, and helped raise his profile as a potential national leader. The notoriety gained by his dismissal, his eloquence, his unimpeachable character, and his demonstrated loyalty to the ANC all made Chief Luthuli a natural candidate to succeed ANC President James Morokawho at his trial during the Defiance Campaign tried to dissociate himself from the other defendants.

In and again inLuthuli was re-elected as president of the ANC attesting to his solid leadership and passion for freedom. Luthuli played a pivotal part in implementing the Defiance Campaign, the name given to non-violent protest against apartheid. During the notorious Sharpeville Massacre inhe led a peaceful protest, which unexpectedly became violent, resulting in 72 demonstrators being shot and killed.

Luthuli responded to this atrocity by openly admonishing the police violence, and publically burning his passbook. The government sought to minimise his effectiveness as a leader by implementing banning orders on him and arresting him for high treason in This was one of several attempts to weaken his leadership. On 21 July Luthuli was killed, reportedly when he was struck by a train close to his Natal Home.

Videos of recent happenings at the Luthuli Museum.