Jamshid al kashi biography examples

In the introduction al-Kashi says that without the support of Ulugh Beg he could not have been able to complete it. In this work there are trigonometric tables giving values of the sine function to four sexagesimal digits for each degree of argument with differences to be added for each minute. There are also tables which give transformations between different coordinate systems on the celestial sphere, in particular allowing ecliptic coordinates to be transformed into equatorial coordinates.

See [14] for a detailed discussion of this work. The Khaqani Zij also contains [1] Al-Kashi also gives the tables of the longitudinal and latitudinal parallaxes for certain geographical latitudes, tables of eclipses, and tables of the visibility of the moon.

Jamshid al kashi biography examples: Although al-Kāshī had a

Al-Kashi had certainly found the right patron in Ulugh Beg since he founded a university for the study of theology and science at Samarkand in about and he sought out the best scientists to help with his project. Ulugh Beg invited Al-Kashi to join him at this school of learning in Samarkand, as well as around sixty other scientists including Qadi Zada.

There is little doubt that al-Kashi was the leading astronomer and mathematician at Samarkand and he was called the second Ptolemy by an historian writing later in the same century. Letters which al-Kashi wrote in Persian to his father, who lived in Kashan, have survived. These were written from Samarkand and give a wonderful description of the scientific life there.

In Ulugh Beg began the construction of an observatory in Samarkand and, although the letters by al-Kashi are undated they were written at a time when construction of the observatory had begun. The contents of one of these letters has only recently been published, see [8]. In the letters al-Kashi praises the mathematical abilities of Ulugh Beg but of the other scientists in Samarkand, only Qadi Zada earned his respect.

Ulugh Beg led scientific meetings where problems in astronomy were freely discussed. Usually these problems were too difficult for all except al-Kashi and Qadi Zada and on a couple of occasions only al-Kashi succeeded. Although al-Kashi had done some fine work before joining Ulugh Beg at Samarkand, his best work was done while in that city. This was an achievement far beyond anything which had been obtained before, either by the ancient Greeks or by the Chinese who achieved 6 decimal places in the 5 th century.

The work is a major text intended to be used in teaching students in Samarkand, in jamshid al kashi biography examples al-Kashi tries to give the necessary mathematics for those studying astronomy, surveying, architecture, accounting and trading. The authors of [1] describe the work as follows In algebra and numerical analysishe developed an iterative method for solving cubic equationswhich was not discovered in Europe until centuries later.

A method algebraically equivalent to Newton's method was known to his predecessor Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi. In western Europea similar method was later described by Henry Briggs in his Trigonometria Britannicapublished in Another case is when two sides and the angle between them are known and the rest are unknown. We multiply one of the sides by the sine of the [known] angle one time and by the sine of its complement the other time converted and we subtract the second result from the other side if the angle is acute and add it if the angle is obtuse.

We then square the result and add to it the square of the first result. We take the square root of the sum to get the remaining side In discussing decimal fractionsStruik states that p. This knowledge was shared by some of the Renaissance mathematicians, and we see Pascal 's triangle on the title page of Peter Apian 's German arithmetic of After this, we find the triangle and the properties of binomial coefficients in several other authors.

The series, which consists of 15 parts, with each part being 45 minutes long, is directed by Mohammad Hossein Latifi and produced by Mohsen Ali-Akbari. Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read Edit View history. Tools Tools. Download as PDF Printable version. In other projects. Wikimedia Commons Wikisource Wikidata item. Persian astronomer and mathematician c.

Opening bifolio of a manuscript of al-Kashi's Miftah al-Hisab. Copy created in Safavid Irandated KashanIran. SamarkandTransoxiana. Biography [ edit ]. Astronomy [ edit ]. Khaqani Zij [ edit ]. Astronomical Treatise on the size and distance of heavenly bodies [ edit ]. See A. Hunger and K. Vogel, Ein byzantinisches Rechenbuch des Jahrhundertsp.

Kary-Niyazov, op. Original Works. Rosenfeld and commentaries by Rosenfeld and A. Youschkevitch; and Klyuch arifmeti. Rosenfeld, ed. Segal and A. Youschkevitch, commentaries by Rosenfeld and Youschkevitch, with photorepros. Bartold, Ulugbek i ego uremya; and E. There isd an English trans. There is a litho. Kary-Niyazov, Astronomicheskaya shkola Ulugbeka; and E.

There is an ed. Russian trans. See also P. MSS are in Leiden and Tashkent. There is an Arabic MS in Mosul. There is a Persian MS in Meshed. There is an Arabic MS at Meshed. An English trans. Secondary Literature. See the following: V. Bretanitzki and B. Brockelmann, Geschichte der arabischen literature 2nd ed. Hijab and E. Kennedy, eds.

Beirut, ; H. Jahrhunderts Vienna,text, trans.

Jamshid al kashi biography examples: Al-Kashi, mathematician and astronomer of the

See also G. Studies in Honour of S. Tegi-zadeh London,pp. B, 3—; P. Siggel, ed. Kennedy, The Planetary Equatorium; B. Rosenfeld and A. Also of value are A. Sirazhdinov and G. It would be almost years before van Ceulen surpassed Al-Kashi's accuracy with 20 decimal places. Al-Kashi's most impressive mathematical work was, however, The Key to Arithmetic which he completed on 2 March The work is a major text intended to be used in teaching students in Samarkand, in particular al-Kashi tries to give the necessary mathematics for those studying astronomy, surveying, architecture, accounting and trading.

The authors of [ 1 ] describe the work as follows:- In the richness of its contents and in the application of arithmetical and algebraic methods to the solution of various problems, including several geometric ones, and in the clarity and elegance of exposition, this voluminous textbook is one of the best in the whole of medieval literature; it attests to both the author's erudition and his pedagogical ability.

Jamshid al kashi biography examples: Quick Info. Jamshid al-Kashi

Dold-Samplonius has discussed several aspects of al-Kashi's Key to Arithmetic in [ 11 ][ 12 ]and [ 13 ]. For example the measurement of the muqarnas refers to a type of decoration used to hide the edges and joints in buildings such as mosques and palaces. The decoration resembles a stalactite and consists of three-dimensional polygons, some with plane surfaces, and some with curved surfaces.

Al-Kashi uses decimal fractions in calculating the total surface area of types of muqarnas. The qubba is the dome of a funerary monument for a famous person. Al-Kashi finds good methods to approximate the surface area and the volume of the shell forming the dome of the qubba. We mentioned above al-Kashi's use of decimal fractions and it is through his use of these that he has attained considerable fame.

The generally held view that Stevin had been the first to introduce decimal fractions was shown to be false in when P Luckey see [ 4 ] showed that in the Key to Arithmetic al-Kashi gives as clear a description of decimal fractions as Stevin does. However, to claim that al-Kashi is the inventor of decimal fractions, as was done by many mathematicians following the work of Luckey, would be far from the truth since the idea had been present in the work of several mathematicians of al-Karaji 's school, in particular al-Samawal.

Jamshid al kashi biography examples: Kashan, Iran – 22 June

Rashed see [ 5 ] or [ 6 ] puts al-Kashi's important contribution into perspective. He shows that the main advances brought in by al-Kashi are:- 1 The analogy between both systems of fractions; the sexagesimal and the decimal systems. References show.